Family: Pinaceae

High Risk Traits:

• Elevation range exceeds 2000 m, demonstrating environmental versatility
  
• Naturalizing on West Maui and Haleakala National Park, Maui (Hawaiian Islands) and reported to be naturalized in Spain
  
• Other Pinus species are invasive
  
• Potentially toxic to cattle
  
• Pollen may be allergenic
  
• Increases fire risk in natural ecosystems
  
• Forms relatively pure stands in native range
  
• Reproduces by seeds
  
• Hybridizes with ponderosa pine (P. ponderosa) and Coulter pine (P. coulteri)
  
• Seeds dispersed by wind, seed caching animals and intentionally by people
  
• Potential for prolific seed production during mast years (every 2 to 4 years)
  
• Tolerates fire

Low Risk Traits:

• No reports of invasiveness or negative impacts where introduced
  
• Unarmed (no spines, thorns, or burrs)
  
• Palatable to browsing and grazing animals
  
• Shade-intolerant
  
• Not reported to spread vegetatively
  
• Long time to reproductive maturity (>8 years)