Family: Pinaceae
High Risk Traits:
- Elevation range exceeds 1000 m, demonstrating environmental versatility
- Grows in higher elevations of regions with tropical to subtropical climates
- Naturalized on Maui, Hawaiian Islands, and South Africa
- An environmental weed in Haleakala National Park and South Africa
- Other Pinus species have become invasive
- Pollen may be allergenic to susceptible individuals
- Increases fire risk in areas where naturalized or invasive
- Tolerates many soil types
- Forms dense stands in native range
- Reproduces by seed
- Able to hybridize with other Pinus species
- Primarily outcrossing, but capable of self-pollination
- First flowers in 2 years. Able to produce seed in 5+ years
- Seeds dispersed by wind, intentionally by people and possibly by birds and rodents
- Prolific seed production
- Seeds able to be stored for extended periods; May form a persistent seed bank.
- Produces serotinous cones. Seeds may remain viable on trees for 7 years
- Older trees somewhat fire tolerant
Low Risk Traits:
- May only become invasive at higher elevations of tropical and subtropical climates
- Unarmed (no spines, thorns or burrs)
- Palatable to browsing and grazing animals
- Non-toxic
- Valued for timber and as an ornamental
- Light demanding and relatively Shade-intolerant
- Not reported to spread vegetatively
- Herbicides provide effective control
- Will not resprout if cut low to the ground and all foliage is removed
