Family: Pinaceae

High Risk Traits:

• Broad climate suitability and Elevation range exceeds 1000 m, demonstrating environmental versatility
  
• Naturalized on Maui (Hawaiian Islands) and elsewhere
  
• Environmental weed in higher elevation of Hawaiian Islands and in South Africa
  
• Other Pinus species are invasive
  
• Pollen is a potential allergen
  
• Highly flammable; increases fire risk in natural ecosystems
  
• Tolerates many soil types
  
• Forms dense stands
  
• Reproduces by seed
  
• Self-compatible
  
• Seeds dispersed by wind, intentionally by people and possibly by animals
  
• Prolific seed production
  
• Seeds may form a persistent seed bank
  
• Produces serotinous cones. Seeds may remain viable on trees for several years

Low Risk Traits:

• Primarily a tree of temperate and Mediterranean climates; may limit invasiveness to higher elevation in the tropics
  
• Unarmed (no spines, thorns, or burrs)
  
• Palatable to grazing animals
  
• Does not tolerate shade
  
• Not reported to spread vegetatively
  
• Reaches maturity in 6+ years
  
• Mechanical control is effective (will not resprout if cut below lowest branches)
  
• Does not tolerate fire
  
• Natural enemies present in Hawaiian Islands (Eurasian pine adelgid ("aphid") (Pineus pini)