Family: Pinaceae

High Risk Traits:

• Elevation range exceeds 1000 m, demonstrating environmental versatility
  
• Widely naturalized
  
• An environmental weed in Australia, South Africa and Hawaii
  
• Other Pinus species have become invasive
  
• Exposure to pollen or sawdust may cause allergies or dermatitis
  
• Increases fire risk
  
• Seedling and saplings are Shade-tolerant
  
• Tolerates many soil types
  
• Able to form dense stands
  
• Reproduces by seeds
  
• Able to hybridize with other Pinus species
  
• Self-compatible
  
• Seeds dispersed by wind, rarely by birds and intentionally by people
  
• Serotinous cones “store” seeds for years until exposed to fire or high temperatures
  
• Older trees tolerate ground fires, pole-stage trees tolerate low intensity fires

Low Risk Traits:

• Valuable commercial tree (pulp, timber, Christmas trees, landscaping)
  
• Unarmed (no spines, thorns or burrs)
  
• Palatable to a number of browsing animals
  
• Not reported to spread vegetatively
  
• Reaches maturity in 5+ years
  
• Herbicides may provide effective control