Family: Pinaceae

High Risk Traits:

• Reported to be naturalized in British Columbia and Alberta, Canada
  
• Aggressive invader of burned sites
  
• Related Pinus species have become highly invasive
  
• Can modify soil chemistry and increase acidity
  
• Tolerates many soil conditions (and potentially able to exploit many different habitat types)
  
• Can form dense thickets in native range
  
• Self-fertilization is possible
  
• May reach maturity in 3 years
  
• Seeds dispersed by wind and gravity

Low Risk Traits:

• Temperate tree could probably only be grown at higher elevations of tropical countries
  
• Palatable to deer and possibly other grazing animals (could prevent spread)
  
• Non-toxic
  
• Shade-intolerant
  
• Will not spread vegetatively
  
• Killed by wildfire (but rapidly colonizes burned areas)
  
• Landscaping and ornamental value (Christmas tree)