Family: Apocynaceae

High Risk Traits:

• Broad tropical/subtropical climate suitability
  
• History of repeated introductions outside native range
  
• Toxic to humans (irritating latex, upset stomach if ingested)
  
• Tolerates wide range of soil conditions (loamy, sandy, clay, acidic, alkaline, drought)
  
• Produces viable seed
  
• Propagules dispersed intentionally by people (widely cultivated)
  
• Wind-dispersed seeds (winged)
  
• Tolerant to rust fungus (only isolated leaf pustules)

Low Risk Traits:

• No evidence of naturalization or weed status (garden, agricultural, or environmental)
  
• No spines, thorns, or burrs
  
• Not shade tolerant (requires full sun)
  
• No vegetative spread
  
• Seedlings take 3+ years to flower
  
• No accidental dispersal (water, birds, animals, or produce contaminant)
  
• Requires specialist pollinators which may limit seed production (hawkmoths)
  
• Low seed production; rarely fruits in cultivation
  
• No persistent seed bank (viable ~3 months)