Family: Apocynaceae

High Risk Traits:

• Toxic to humans (irritant sap)
  
• Tolerates wide range of soil conditions
  
• Produces viable seed
  
• Intentionally spread by people (ornamental)
  
• Wind-dispersed seeds (winged)

Low Risk Traits:

• Not naturalized or weedy
  
• No history of repeated introductions
  
• Not shade tolerant (needs full sun)
  
• No dense thickets
  
• No vegetative spread
  
• Requires specialist pollinators (hawkmoths)
  
• Few pests/diseases (rust-resistant)
  
• Low seed production (25–35 per fruit)
  
• No persistent seed bank