Family: Apocynaceae

High Risk Traits:

• Naturalized in Puerto Rico & Hawaii
  
• Agricultural & environmental weed
  
• Congeneric weeds exist
  
• Toxic to animals & humans
  
• Host for pests/pathogens
  
• Shade tolerant
  
• Wide soil tolerance
  
• Forms dense thickets
  
• Produces viable seed
  
• Generalist pollinators
  
• Dispersed intentionally by people
  
• Dispersed by water, birds, & gut passage
  
• Tolerates cutting (resprouts)
  
• No natural enemies in introduced range

Low Risk Traits:

• No spines, thorns, or burrs
  
• Not allelopathic, parasitic, or smothering
  
• Short-lived seed bank (<6 months)
  
• Herbicides may be effective (e.g., glyphosate)