Family: Rosaceae

High Risk Traits:

• Naturalized and noxious weed in multiple U.S. states
  
• Causes major agricultural damage (pastures, beef production)
  
• Forms dense thickets, displacing native plants
  
• Produces thorns
  
• Host for rose rosette virus
  
• Creates fire hazard
  
• Shade tolerant
  
• Wide soil tolerance
  
• Prolific seed production (up to 1 million seeds/year)
  
• Persistent seed bank (up to 20 years)
  
• Bird-dispersed; seeds survive gut passage
  
• Intentional human introduction
  
• Seed contaminant
  
• Tolerates fire and mutilation (resprouts)

Low Risk Traits:

• Not allelopathic, parasitic, or toxic
  
• Self-incompatible (obligate outcrosser)
  
• No wind, water, or external animal dispersal
  
• No vegetative spread (layering minimal)
  
• Well controlled by herbicides