Family: Rosaceae

High Risk Traits:

• Broad climate suitability (but primarily temperate)
  
• Naturalized in New Zealand, Europe and North America and recently reported as naturalized in Kaloko Mauka, Hawaii island.
  
• An environmental weed, especially of coastal dune ecosystems
  
• Other Rosa species are invasive
  
• Covered in dense prickles
  
• Prickles may deter browsing by most animals
  
• May host pests of other Rosa species
  
• Pollen may be allergenic to susceptible individuals
  
• Tolerates many soil types
  
• Forms dense, impenetrable thickets
  
• Reproduces by seeds and vegetatively by suckers
  
• Hybridizes with other Rosa species
  
• May be self-fertile with low seed set
  
• Reaches maturity in 3 years
  
• Seeds dispersed by birds, other frugivorous animals, water and intentionally by people
  
• Rhizomes fragments also spread by water
  
• Tolerates fire and mowing

Low Risk Traits:

• A cold climate, temperate species that may only threaten higher elevation tropical islands
  
• Palatable to goats and possibly other livestock (especially when young)
  
• Non-toxic to animals, and edible to people
  
• Herbicides may provide effective control