Family: Rosaceae

High Risk Traits:

• Elevation range exceeds 1000 m, demonstrating environmental versatility
  
• Grows in high elevation regions with tropical climates
  
• Naturalized on Maui and Hawaii (Hawaiian Islands), Galapagos, and possibly elsewhere
  
• Invasive in natural areas of the Hawaiian Islands and Galapagos
  
• Other Rubus species are invasive
  
• Prickly stems
  
• Tolerates many soil types
  
• Climbing and smothering habit
  
• Reproduces by seeds and vegetatively by canes
  
• Hybridizes with other Rubus species
  
• Apomictic
  
• Reaches maturity in 2 years or less
  
• Seeds dispersed by birds, frugivorous mammals water and intentionally by people
  
• Seeds may form a persistent seed bank
  
• Able to resprout from roots after cutting

Low Risk Traits:

• Non-toxic
  
• Edible fruit
  
• Herbicides may provide effective control