Family: Rosaceae

High Risk Traits:

• Elevation range exceeds 1000 m, demonstrating environmental versatility
  
• Thrives in tropical climates
  
• Naturalized on Kauai, Maui, and Hawaii (Hawaiian Islands) and widely naturalized elsewhere
  
• A weed of agriculture and the natural environment in the Galapagos; a potentially serious environmental weed in the Hawaiian Islands
  
• Other Rubus species are invasive
  
• Prickles on stems, leaf petioles and rachises
  
• Seedlings are Shade-tolerant
  
• Tolerates many soil types
  
• Forms dense stands, crowding out other vegetation
  
• Reproduces by seeds, and vegetatively by suckers, and daughter plants from stem tips
  
• Able to reach maturity in 6 to 8 months
  
• Seeds dispersed by birds, or frugivorous animals and intentionally by people
  
• Prolific seed production (7000/m2)
  
• Forms a persistent seed bank (up to 10 years)
  
• May have some herbicide tolerance
  
• Able to resprout after cutting

Low Risk Traits:

• Palatable to goats (despite prickles)
  
• Edible fruit
  
• Medicinal uses
  
• Some herbicides may provide effective control