Family: Asteraceae
High Risk Traits:
- Elevation range exceeds 1000 m
- Widely naturalized
- A garden weed
- Related Rudbeckia species have become invasive
- Toxic to cattle and other animals
- Sap can cause dermatitis and may be poisonous if ingested
- Tolerates many soil types
- Able to reach maturity in as little as one year
- Seeds dispersed accidentally and intentionally by people and as a seed contaminant
- Forms a persistent seed bank
- Can resprout from the root crown
Low Risk Traits:
- Grows in temperate climates (may only threaten higher elevations in tropical ecosystems)
- Browsed by animals
- Ornamental
- Self-incompatible