Family: Phyllanthaceae

Origin, Description & Uses
Phyllanthus androgynus, commonly known as star gooseberry, sweet leaf, or katuk, is a leafy shrub native to tropical and subtropical regions of Asia. It typically grows 3–6 feet (1–2 m) tall and produces slender stems lined with small, oval leaves that give the branches a feathery appearance. The tender leaves and shoots are widely used as a nutritious leafy vegetable in Southeast Asian cuisine and are valued for their high vitamin and mineral content. The plant is also cultivated as an ornamental hedge and has a long history of use in traditional medicine.

Risks & Threats
Star gooseberry has been reported as potentially naturalizing on Kauaʻi, Oʻahu, Maui, and Hawaiʻi Island. While it is not currently known to cause widespread ecological impacts, it possesses traits that are cause for concern, including its ability to reproduce readily, persist in cultivation, and spread beyond planted areas. Because its long-term behavior in Hawaiʻi’s ecosystems is not yet fully understood, ongoing evaluation is needed. Caution is recommended when planting or distributing this species to help ensure that it does not negatively impact native habitats or contribute to future invasive species problems in the Hawaiian Islands.

High Risk Traits:

• Naturalized in introduced regions (e.g., Hawaii)
  
• Tolerates wide range of conditions: full sun to 95% shade, acidic and clay soils, flooding
  
• Grows from sea level to 1300 m elevation
  
• Listed as a weed or naturalized in some regions
  
• Shade tolerant (understory rainforest plant)
  
• Intentionally dispersed by people for food and medicine
  
• Occurs in heavily trafficked areas (unintentional dispersal risk)
  
• Regrows vigorously after pruning
  
• Produces viable seed
  
• Matures quickly (first harvest in 55–70 days; flowers/fruits within 1–2 years)

Low Risk Traits:

• No spines, thorns, or burrs
  
• Short seed viability (3–4 months)
  
• Low seed production; no prolific seed set
  
• No adaptations for wind, water, or external animal dispersal
  
• May be self-incompatible (requires cross-pollination)