Family: Sapotaceae
Origin, Description & Uses
Sideroxylon persimile, commonly known as bully tree or bumelia, is a medium to large evergreen tree in the sapodilla family (Sapotaceae) native to tropical regions from Mexico through Central America and northern South America, including Trinidad. It has a dense, rounded canopy, leathery dark-green leaves, small pale flowers, and fleshy berry-like fruits that are attractive to birds and other wildlife. The species has been planted as an ornamental shade tree and is valued for its durable wood and tolerance of a range of tropical growing conditions. In Hawaiʻi, it has become naturalized on Oʻahu and Maui, where it is reproducing outside of cultivation.
Risks & Threats
Sideroxylon persimile is naturalized in Hawaiʻi and possesses traits that are cause for concern. Like many fleshy-fruited tropical trees, it can be dispersed by birds and other animals, allowing it to spread beyond planting sites into natural and semi-natural habitats. Its ability to establish self-sustaining populations, form dense stands, and compete with other vegetation increases the risk of negative impacts on native ecosystems. Tropical island ecosystems are particularly vulnerable to invasive trees that alter forest structure, displace native plants, and contribute to the ongoing spread of non-native species. Because this species has already escaped cultivation in Hawaiʻi, it could detrimentally impact tropical island ecosystems if its distribution continues to expand. When selecting trees for landscaping, Plant Pono recommends choosing a low-risk or native alternative whenever suitable options are available. In areas where S. persimile is already established, landowners and landscapers should avoid further planting and manage existing populations to help minimize additional spread and ecological impacts.
High Risk Traits:
- Naturalized in Hawaii, spreading from cultivation
- Bird- and water-dispersed seeds
- Seeds survive gut passage
- Deliberately planted for reforestation/ornamental use
- Produces sharp thorns
- Tolerates a wide range of soils
- Produces viable seed
- Fleshy fruits attract dispersers
Low Risk Traits:
- No documented environmental or agricultural impacts
- Not a prolific seed producer
- No vegetative spread
