Family: Araceae

High Risk Traits:

• Broad subtropical/tropical climate suitability (zones 8A–11)
  
• Repeated introductions outside native range (India, Mexico, Taiwan, widely cultivated)
  
• Shade tolerant (full shade to partial sun)
  
• Produces viable seed
  
• Short generative time (blooms in 6–12 months)
  
• Vegetative reproduction via rhizomes
  
• Intentional dispersal by people (popular ornamental)
  
• Potential for water dispersal (grows along streams/swamps)

Low Risk Traits:

• No evidence of naturalization or weediness anywhere
  
• No spines, thorns, or burrs
  
• Low animal toxicity (not naturally consumed)
  
• Narrow soil preference (loamy, moist, neutral)
  
• Low seed production (berries infrequent; few seeds per packet)
  
• Not a major pest/disease host