Family: Apocynaceae

High Risk Traits:

• Naturalized on O'ahu and Hawai'i
  
• Intentional Dispersal: Widely cultivated as an ornamental for its attractive flowers.
  
• Bird Dispersal: Seeds are covered in fleshy red pulp, likely dispersed by birds (evidence from a congener).
  
• Gut Survival: Propagules survive passage through the digestive tract of birds.
  
• Toxic Sap: Contains poisonous sap (though no evidence of poisoning).

Low Risk Traits:

• No Weed Records: No evidence of it being a weed (environmental, agricultural, or horticultural).
  
• No Defensive Structures: Lacks spines, thorns, or burrs.
  
• Sun Preference: Not shade-tolerant; prefers full sun.
  
• Slow Maturation: Minimum generative time is 4+ years.