Family: Malvaceae

Origin, Description & Uses
Sterculia foetida is native to the Indian subcontinent through parts of western and central Malesia, where it grows in tropical dry to moist forest regions. It is a large, fast-growing evergreen tree that can reach impressive heights in warm climates. The tree is recognizable by its long, palm-like compound leaves and clusters of small, reddish to purplish flowers that may have an unpleasant odor when fresh (reflected in the species name foetida). It produces large woody seed pods containing edible seeds that are sometimes roasted or pressed for oil. In its native range, it is also used as a shade tree, ornamental planting, and for light timber and traditional uses.

Risks & Threats
On Oʻahu, Sterculia foetida is considered naturalized but currently shows low invasive behavior in Hawaiʻi. While it has the ability to reproduce and persist outside cultivation, it does not appear to spread aggressively or form dense, ecologically damaging stands under local conditions. However, like many widely planted tropical trees, it has traits—such as bird or animal-assisted seed dispersal and tolerance of disturbed sites—that could allow it to expand slowly over time in suitable habitats. Continued observation is recommended to ensure it does not increase in abundance or begin to displace native vegetation, especially in lowland dry ecosystems where competition pressure is higher.

High Risk Traits:

• Naturalized in multiple tropical regions
  
• Naturalized on O'ahu
  
• Dispersed by birds, bats, and water
  
• Widely planted by people as an ornamental
  
• Long-term persistent seed bank
  
• Coppices after cutting
  
• Pollinated by common bees and flies

Low Risk Traits:

• Self-incompatible (requires outcrossing)
  
• Slow to mature (>3 years to reproduce)
  
• Large seeds limit some dispersal
  
• No vegetative spread
  
• Shade-intolerant (limited to open areas)
  
• Susceptible to local pests