Family: Apocynaceae

High Risk Traits:

• Toxic to humans (all parts poisonous)
  
• Tolerates a wide range of soil types
  
• Widely cultivated and intentionally spread by people
  
• Bird-dispersed seeds (fleshy aril)
  
• Seeds survive gut passage (viability may increase)
  
• Repeated introductions outside native range
  
• Naturalized in Florida (USA)

Low Risk Traits:

• Not a weed of agriculture, forestry, or environment
  
• No spines, thorns, or burrs
  
• No animal toxicity found
  
• Low seed production; often sterile in cultivation
  
• No persistent seed bank (short seed viability)
  
• No wind, water, or external animal dispersal adaptations