Family: Combretaceae

Origin, Description & Uses
Terminalia melanocarpa is a medium to large evergreen tree native to the tropical woodlands and forests of northwestern Northern Territory and northern and eastern Queensland, Australia. It is valued for its attractive form, dense canopy, and glossy green leaves, which often develop colorful seasonal tones before being shed. The tree produces small, inconspicuous flowers followed by dark, winged fruits that aid in seed dispersal. Because of its tolerance of heat, seasonal drought, and a variety of soil types, Terminalia melanocarpa is occasionally planted as a shade tree, specimen tree, or for landscape restoration in tropical and subtropical regions. It has become naturalized in Hawaiʻi but is not widely cultivated.

Risks & Threats
Although Terminalia melanocarpa is naturalized in Hawaiʻi, it is currently considered a low-risk species and has not demonstrated the invasive behavior seen in some other members of the genus. There is little evidence that it spreads aggressively or forms dense populations that displace native vegetation or significantly alter natural ecosystems. As with any non-native plant, it should be monitored and managed responsibly to prevent unwanted spread into nearby natural areas. When planted thoughtfully and maintained appropriately, Terminalia melanocarpa can be a suitable choice for landscaping while posing relatively little risk to Hawaiʻi’s native ecosystems.

High Risk Traits:

• Native to tropical climates
  
• Naturalized on Hawai'i Island
  
• Congeneric (T. catappa) is invasive in Florida and Hawaii
  
• Shade-tolerant (at least in early stages)
  
• Produces viable seed
  
• Dispersed intentionally by people (ornamental use)
  
• Seeds dispersed by water (coastal habitat)

Low Risk Traits:

• No known weediness
  
• No spines, thorns, or burrs
  
• No evidence of allelopathy, toxicity, or fire hazard
  
• No vegetative reproduction
  
• Not self-compatible (outcrossing)
  
• Reproductive maturity >3 years
  
• No unintentional dispersal, produce contamination, or wind dispersal
  
• Not a prolific seed producer