Family: Apocynaceae

High Risk Traits:

• Broad climate tolerance (USDA zones 8a–11; 200–1300 m elevation)
  
• Repeated introductions outside native range (US, Australia)
  
• Shade tolerant (sun to full shade)
  
• Wide soil tolerance (sand, loam, clay; acid to alkaline)
  
• Climbing woody liana (to 10 m) — can smother vegetation
  
• Vegetative spread via self-layering (roots at nodes/stem tips)
  
• Tolerates shearing/pruning

Low Risk Traits:

• Rarely naturalizes (only occasional escape)
  
• Not an agricultural, environmental, or economic weed
  
• No spines, thorns, or burrs
  
• Requires specialist hawkmoth pollinators
  
• No prolific seed production in cultivation
  
• No persistent seed bank
  
• Limited dispersal (wind only; no water, bird, or animal dispersal)
  
• Low toxicity to humans; not toxic to animals