Family: Scrophulariaceae

High Risk Traits:

• Naturalized globally
  
• Naturalized on Hawaiʻi Island
  
• Environmental weed
  
• Not palatable to grazers
  
• Forms dense stands
  
• Broad climate tolerance
  
• Tolerates many soil types
  
• Allelopathic
  
• Hybridizes with congeners
  
• Self-compatible
  
• Generalist pollinators
  
• Matures in 1–2 years
  
• Produces up to 150,000 seeds per plant
  
• Persistent seed bank (up to 100 years)
  
• Dispersed by vehicle tires
  
• Wind-dispersed seeds

Low Risk Traits:

• No spines or burrs
  
• Not toxic to animals
  
• No vegetative reproduction
  
• Not bird-dispersed