Family: Scrophulariaceae

High Risk Traits:

• Elevation range exceeds 1000 m, demonstrating environmental versatility
  
• Naturalized on Hawaii Island and elsewhere
  
• A disturbance-adapted environmental weed
  
• Other Verbascum species (e.g. V. thapsus) are invasive
  
• Potentially allelopathic
  
• Low palatability may give plants a competitive edge over more preferred browse species
  
• Forms dense cover that can exclude other vegetation
  
• Tolerates many soil types
  
• Reproduces by seeds
  
• As a biennial, reaches maturity in 2 years
  
• Small seeds dispersed by wind, stuck to vehicles, equipment, mud, and animals
  
• Prolific seed production (numbers unspecified)

Low Risk Traits:

• Unarmed (no spines, thorns or burrs)
  
• Ornamental
  
• Not reported to spread vegetatively
  
• Herbicides provide effective control
  
• Cultivation and mechanical methods may provide effective control