Family: Blechnaceae

High Risk Traits:

• Able to grow in temperate to subtropical climates
  
• Naturalized in the British Isles and Florida,
  
• Shade-tolerant
  
• Forms dense stands in native range
  
• Reproduces by spores and vegetatively by adventitious bulbils
  
• Spores dispersed by wind and water
  
• Intentionally propagated
  
• Presumably prolific spore production
  
• Possibly bird-dispersed in Azores

Low Risk Traits:

• Despite naturalization, no negative impacts documented
  
• Cultivated, but not reported as naturalized, in Hawaiian Islands
  
• Unarmed (no spines, thorns or burrs)
  
• Ornamental