Family: Zamiaceae

High Risk Traits:

• Toxic to animals and humans (seeds contain glycosides; fatal to dogs)
  
• Prickly leaf stalks
  
• Unpalatable to herbivores due to toxins
  
• Geophyte with underground storage organ (resprouts after fire/damage)
  
• Persistent seed bank (hard coat, viable >1 year)

Low Risk Traits:

• Not naturalized outside native range
  
• Not a weed (agricultural, environmental, or horticultural)
  
• No weedy congeners
  
• Not shade tolerant; prefers sun
  
• Narrow soil preference (sandy/loam/rocky)
  
• Requires specialist weevil pollinator (reproductive bottleneck)
  
• No vegetative reproduction (seeds only)
  
• Slow to reproduce (~4+ years to maturity)
  
• Large seeds; not dispersed by wind, water, or external animal attachment
  
• Low seed production (not prolific)