Family: Rhizophoraceae

Carallia brachiata, commonly known as corky bark tree or freshwater mangrove, is a medium-sized evergreen tree native to South and Southeast Asia and parts of the western Pacific. It typically grows along streams, wetlands, and moist lowland forests, and is recognizable by its smooth to corky bark, glossy green leaves, and small flowers followed by dark, fleshy fruits. In its native range, the tree is valued for shade, timber, and traditional uses, and is sometimes planted as an ornamental or for stabilization of streambanks and wet areas.

In Hawaiʻi, Carallia brachiata may pose ecological risks if it escapes cultivation. Its ability to thrive in moist and riparian habitats—areas that are especially vulnerable to invasion—combined with bird-dispersed fruits, increases its potential to spread beyond planted areas. If unmanaged, it could form dense stands that compete with native plants and alter streamside ecosystems. Because of these concerns, planting this species near natural areas or waterways is discouraged, and existing trees should be carefully monitored to prevent unwanted spread.

High Risk Traits:

• Tolerates a wide range of tropical conditions
  
• Favors riparian and moist habitats
  
• Bird-dispersed fleshy fruits
  
• Moderate to fast growth
  
• Can form dense stands
  
• Climate match with Hawaiʻi
  
• Planted ornamentally elsewhere (propagule pressure)

Low Risk Traits:

• No thorns or allelopathy
  
• Not known to be toxic
  
• No known agricultural or infrastructure impacts
  
• Seed-based reproduction only
  
• Limited to moist habitats
  
• Not widespread in Hawaiʻi